This RAP Session will discuss the opportunities and challenges posed by both batteries and fuel cells for electrified transportation and e-mobility of the future. The discussion will highlight the inherent differences in the current state of batteries and hydrogen fuel cell technologies as it relates to e-propulsion and related charging infrastructure. Some of the key technological barriers for current and future batteries, as well as fuel cells, will be discussed. Topics that will be discussed include, but are not limited to, driving range, powertrain efficiency, well-to-wheels efficiency, practicality of implementation, charging/refueling facilities, durability, sustainability, and availability.