EcoZone International LLC Riverside, California, United States
Abstract: Often mosquito control is the most effective or the only intervention to mitigate mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases. In mosquito control operations, larviciding to target most aquatic stages with limited distributions by biorational larvicides is more cost-effective. However available environmentally friendly larvicides are quite limited now due to numerous reasons, among which development of resistance in target species should never be overlooked. Risk of resistance development and associated cross-resistance in response to repeated sublethal exposure varies among the larvicidal active ingredients with different modes of action. In mosquito control operations, prevention of resistance evolution in the first place and susceptibility restoration after resistance occurrence are the primary strategies to ensure the sustainability of control efficacy. Tailor-made resistance management tactics such as withdrawal of treatment, application in mixture or rotation can be developed and implemented after confirmation of resistance occurrence in target species by ruling out factors from products, habitats, and applicators.
