Neuromodulation devices can provide neurorehabilitation for the treatment of many nonpainful neurological conditions such as epilepsy, psychiatric, and movement disorders. It has many benefits to providing relief, the most promising being how neuromodulation reverse engineers the disorders and may facilitate the reorganization of inured neural networks. For example, neuromodulation therapy for depression targets include transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, magnetic seizure therapy, vagus nerve stimulation, direct cortical stimulation, and deep brain stimulation among others (Holtzheimer et al 2012). Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has demonstrated considerable effect in posttraumatic stress disorder (Karsen et al 2014). Neuromodulation requires more research based clinical trials to support the growth of this therapy. Biomarkers to predict response to neuromodulation therapies are not available, and high-level evidence to aid decision making about when and for whom these therapies should be preferred over other antiepileptic treatments is scant. This course will review current evidence, challenges, best practices, and the future of neuromodulation.
