O-25 - Hot Topics in Bacteria and Viral Infections

Co-Author(s)

• LB

  Laurie Billing, MPH

  Epidemiologist
  Bureau of Infectious Diseases
  Ohio Department of Health
  Columbus, Ohio

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• MB

  Meseret Birhane, MPH, MAS

  Epidemiologist
  Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
  Atlanta, Georgia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• CB

  Claire Burns-Lynch, MPH

  Fellow
  Emory University Rollins School of Public Health
  Atlanta, Georgia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• HC

  Hayat Caidi, PhD

  Microbiologist
  Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
  Atlanta, Georgia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• JC

  Jessica Chen, PhD

  Scientist
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  Atlanta, Georgia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• AC

  Andrew Classon, MPH

  Database manager, PulseNet
  Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
  Atlanta, Georgia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• PD

  Pam Daily Kirley, MPH

  Epidemiologist
  California Emerging Infections Program
  Oakland, California

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• FD

  Fatima Dawood, MD, MPH

  Medical Epidemiologist
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  Atlanta, Georgia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• CD

  Christopher Destache, PharmD

  Professor of Pharmacy Practice and Infectious Diseases
  Pharmacy Practice & Internal Medicine
  Creighton University Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, MDstewardship
  Omaha, Nebraska

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• JD

  Jenny Draper, PhD

  Bioinformatician
  Pathogen Genomics, Microbial Genomics Reference Laboratory
  (2) Microbial Genomics Reference Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, ICPMR Westmead, NSW Australia (3) University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
  Westmead, New South Wales, Australia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• EF

  Emily Fawcett, MPH

  Surveillance Officer
  Georgia Emerging Infections Program and Atlanta VA Medical Center
  Decatur, Georgia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• JF

  Jason Folster, PhD

  Microbiologist
  Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
  Atlanta, Georgia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• 

  Louise Francois Watkins, MD, MPH

  Medical Officer
  Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  Atlanta, Georgia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• 

  Cindy Friedman, MD

  Team Lead, National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria (NARMS)
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  Atlanta, Georgia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• CG

  Cristina Garcia-Maurino, MD

  Physician Scientist
  Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital
  Columbus, Ohio

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• AG

  Amanda Garcia-Williams, PhD

  Behavioral Scientist
  Domestic Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Epidemiology
  Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
  Atlanta, Georgia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• SG

  Shikha Garg, MD, MPH

  Medical Epidemiologist
  Influenza Division
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  Atlanta, Georgia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• AG

  Andrew Ginn, PhD

  Senior Hospital Scientist
  (2) Microbial Genomics Reference Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, ICPMR Westmead, NSW Australia (3) University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
  Westmead, New South Wales, Australia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• RH

  Rachel Herlihy, MD. MPH

  State Epidemiologist
  Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment
  Denver, Colorado

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• JI

  Jonathan Iredell, MBBS, PhD

  Director, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
  (2) Microbial Genomics Reference Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, ICPMR Westmead, NSW Australia (3) University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia (4) Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, NSW Australia
  Westmead, New South Wales, Australia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• BK

  Beth Karp, DVM, MPH

  Veterinary Epidemiologist
  National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS)
  Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
  Atlanta, Georgia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• SK

  Sue Kim, MPH

  Epidemiologist
  Michigan Department of Health and Human Services
  Lansing, Michigan

  Disclosure: Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) (Grant/Research Support)
• 

  Ruth Lynfield, MD

  State Epidemiologist
  Minnesota Department of Health
  St. Paul, Minnesota

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• ZM

  Zachary Marsh, MPH

  Epidemiologist
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  Atlanta, Georgia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• EM

  Elena Martinez, PhD

  Bioinformatician
  (2) Microbial Genomics Reference Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, ICPMR Westmead, NSW Australia (3) University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
  Westmead, New South Wales, Australia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• CM

  Chelsea McMullen, MSc-GH

  Respiratory Disease Surveillance Coordinator
  Epidemiology and Response Division
  New Mexico Department of Health
  Santa Fe, New Mexico

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• 

  Asuncion Mejias, MD, PhD, MsCS

  Associate Professor, Pediatrics; Principal Investigator
  Pediatrics; Division of Infectious Diseases; Center for Vaccines and immunity
  Nationwide Children's Hospital
  Columbus, Ohio

  Disclosure: Janssen (Grant/Research Support, Advisor or Review Panel member)Merck (Advisor or Review Panel member)Roche (Advisor or Review Panel member)
• SM

  Sara Mertz, B.S.

  Sr. Research Associate
  Nationwide Children's Hospital
  Columbus, Ohio

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• MM

  Maya Monroe, MPH

  Epidemiologist
  Maryland Emerging Infections Program
  Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
  Baltimore, Maryland

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• MM

  Melissa Moore-Clingenpeel, MA, MAS

  Statistician
  The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital
  Columbus, Ohio

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• AM

  Alison Muse, MPH

  Epidemiologist
  New York State Department of Health
  Albany, New York

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• KO

  Kevin O'Laughlin, MD

  EIS officer
  Domestic Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Epidemiology
  Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
  Atlanta, Georgia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• SP

  Sally Partridge, PhD

  Associate Professor
  (3) University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia (4) Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, NSW Australia
  Westmead, New South Wales, Australia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• DP

  Daniel Payne, PhD, MSPH

  Epidemiologist
  Division of Viral Diseases
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  Atlanta, Georgia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• MP

  Mark Peeples, PhD

  Professor
  Pediatrics
  The Ohio State University
  Columbus, Ohio

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• 

  Ian Plumb, MBBS, MSc

  Medical Epidemiologist
  National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS)
  Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
  Atlanta, Georgia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• XQ

  Xing Qiu, PhD

  Associate Professor of Biostatistics and computational biology
  University of Rochester Medical Center
  Rochester, New York

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• 

  Octavio Ramilo, MD

  Chief, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases; Professor
  Pediatrics
  Nationwide Children's Hospital
  Columbus, Ohio

  Disclosure: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation : Grant/Research Support; Janssen : Advisor or Review Panel member, Grant/Research Support; Medimmune : Grant/Research Support; Merck : Advisor or Review Panel member (Status: Ongoing); NIH/NIAID : Grant/Research Support; Pfizer : Advisor or Review Panel member, Consultant; Sanofi/Medimmune : Advisor or Review Panel member, Consultant
• IR

  Ilene Risk, MPA

  Epidemiology Bureau Manager
  Salt Lake County Health Dept.
  Salt Lake City, Utah

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• MS

  Morgan Schroeder, MPH

  PulseNet Escherichia Database Coordinator
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  Atlanta, Georgia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• ES

  Eby Sim, PhD

  Hospital Scientist
  (2) Microbial Genomics Reference Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, ICPMR Westmead, NSW Australia (3) University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
  Westmead, New South Wales, Australia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• VS

  Vitali Sintchenko, MBBS, PhD

  Professor
  (2) Microbial Genomics Reference Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, ICPMR Westmead, NSW Australia (3) University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
  Westmead, New South Wales, Australia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• PS

  Preethi Sundararaman, MPH

  Epidemiologist
  Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
  Atlanta, Georgia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• MS

  Melissa Sutton, MD, MPH

  Public Health Physician
  Oregon Health Authority
  Portland, Oregon

  Disclosure: CDC funding (Emerging Infections Program) (Grant/Research Support)
• KT

  Kaitlin Tagg, PhD

  Microbiologist
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  Atlanta, Georgia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• HT

  Helen Talbot, MD, MPH

  Associate Professor
  Vanderbuilt University
  Nashville, Tennessee

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• 

  Edward Walsh, MD

  Professor of Medicine
  Medicine
  University of Rochester
  Rochester, New York

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• RW

  Ryan Walters, PhD

  Assistant Professor
  Medicine
  Creighton University School of Medicine
  Omaha, Nebraska

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• LW

  Lu Wang, MS

  Assistant
  University of Rochester Medical Center
  Pittsford, New York

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• HW

  Hattie Webb, PhD

  Microbiologist
  Antimicrobial Resistance Laboratory
  Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
  Atlanta, Georgia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• KY

  Kim Yousey-Hindes, MPH, CPH

  Epidemiologist 3
  Yale School of Public Health
  Connecticut Emerging Infections Program
  New Haven, Connecticut

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.
• HZ

  Hannah Zenas, MPH

  ORISE Fellow
  PulseNet Reference, Outbreaks, and Surveillance Team
  Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
  Atlanta, Georgia

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.

Presenting Author(s)

• 

  Mary Caserta, MD

  Professor of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases
  Pediatrics
  University of Rochester Medical Center
  Rochester, NY

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.

  Slides Slides and Audio
• 

  Rachel Holstein, MPH

  Epidemiology and Information Science Fellow
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  Atlanta, GA

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.

  Slides Slides and Audio
• 

  Naeemah Logan, MD

  Medical Epidemiologist
  National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS)
  Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
  Atlanta, GA

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.

  Slides Slides and Audio
• 

  Felicita Medalla, MD, MS

  Epidemiologist
  Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
  Atlanta, GA

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.

  Slides Slides and Audio
• 

  Eric Reid, BS, BA

  Medical Student
  Creighton University School of Medicine
  Omaha, Nebraska

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.

  Slides Slides and Audio
• 

  Jeanette Taveras, DO

  Fellow
  Nationwide Children's Hospital
  Grandview Heights, OH

  Disclosure: I do not have any relevant financial / non-financial relationships with any proprietary interests.

  Slides Slides and Audio

Presentations:

• Characteristics and Outcomes of Pregnant Women Hospitalized with Influenza in the United States, Flusurv-net, 2010-2019
  Rachel Holstein, MPH – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Fatima S. Dawood, MD, MPH – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Pam Daily Kirley, MPH – California Emerging Infections Program; Rachel Herlihy, MD. MPH – Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment; Kim Yousey-Hindes, MPH, CPH – Connecticut Emerging Infections Program; Emily Fawcett, MPH – Georgia Emerging Infections Program and Atlanta VA Medical Center; Maya Monroe, MPH – Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene; Sue Kim, MPH – Michigan Department of Health and Human Services; Ruth Lynfield, MD – Minnesota Department of Health; Chelsea L. McMullen, MSc-GH – New Mexico Department of Health; Alison Muse, MPH – New York State Department of Health; Laurie M. Billing, MPH – Ohio Department of Health; Melissa Sutton, MD, MPH – Oregon Health Authority; Helen Talbot, MD, MPH – Vanderbuilt University; Ilene Risk, MPA – Salt Lake County Health Dept.; Shikha Garg, MD, MPH – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• Beta-lactam vs Fluoroquinolone Monotherapy for pseudomonas Aeruginosa infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
  Eric C. Reid, BS, BA – Creighton University School of Medicine; Ryan Walters, PhD – Creighton University School of Medicine; Christopher Destache, PharmD – Creighton University Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, MDstewardship
• Increase in Multidrug Resistance (2011–2018) and the Emergence of Extensive Drug Resistance (2020) in Shigella sonnei in the United States
  Naeemah Z. Logan, MD – Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Beth E. Karp, DVM, MPH – Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Kaitlin A. Tagg, PhD – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Claire Burns-Lynch, MPH – Emory University Rollins School of Public Health; Jessica Chen, PhD – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Amanda Garcia-Williams, PhD – Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Zachary A. Marsh, MPH – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Kevin O'Laughlin, MD – Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Ian D. Plumb, MBBS, MSc – Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Morgan N. Schroeder, MPH – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Hattie E. Webb, PhD – Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Hannah Zenas, MPH – Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Jenny Draper, PhD – (2) Microbial Genomics Reference Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, ICPMR Westmead, NSW Australia (3) University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia; Andrew Ginn, PhD – (2) Microbial Genomics Reference Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, ICPMR Westmead, NSW Australia (3) University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia; Elena Martinez, PhD – (2) Microbial Genomics Reference Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, ICPMR Westmead, NSW Australia (3) University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia; Sally R. Partridge, PhD – (3) University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia (4) Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, NSW Australia; Eby Sim, PhD – (2) Microbial Genomics Reference Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, ICPMR Westmead, NSW Australia (3) University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia; Vitali Sintchenko, MBBS, PhD – (2) Microbial Genomics Reference Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, ICPMR Westmead, NSW Australia (3) University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia; Jonathan Iredell, MBBS, PhD – (2) Microbial Genomics Reference Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology, ICPMR Westmead, NSW Australia (3) University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia (4) Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, NSW Australia; Louise Francois Watkins, MD, MPH – Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• The Protective Role of Mucosal Interferons in Infants with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection
  Jeanette Taveras, DO – Nationwide Children's Hospital; Cristina Garcia-Maurino, MD – Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital; Melissa Moore-Clingenpeel, MA, MAS – The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital; Sara Mertz, B.S. – Nationwide Children's Hospital; Mark E. Peeples, PhD – The Ohio State University; Octavio Ramilo, MD – Nationwide Children's Hospital; Asuncion Mejias, MD, PhD, MsCS – Nationwide Children's Hospital
• Emergence and Spread of Multidrug-resistant salmonella Serotype Infantis Infections in the United States, 2003–2018
  Felicita Medalla, MD, MS – Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Daniel C. Payne, PhD, MSPH – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Preethi Sundararaman, MPH – Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Meseret Birhane, MPH, MAS – Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Andrew Classon, MPH – Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Hayat Caidi, PhD – Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Jason Folster, PhD – Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; Cindy R. Friedman, MD – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Louise Francois Watkins, MD, MPH – Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• validation of a Global Respiratory Severity Score in Infants with Primary RSV Infection
  Xing Qiu, PhD – University of Rochester Medical Center; Lu Wang, MS – University of Rochester Medical Center; Edward E. Walsh, MD – University of Rochester; Mary T. Caserta, MD – University of Rochester Medical Center